Role Of The Registered Nurse

Role Of The Registered Nurse Registered Nurses (RNs) provide many different services to health care consumers in a variety of settings. Some things nurses do on a daily basis offer a unique contribution to health care, whereas others can be done by other health team members. Professional nursing offers a specialized service to society. Professional nurses use a broad approach when considering holistic health need of the people they serve. Because of the broad nature of the discipline, nurses assume multiple roles while meeting health care needs of clients. For this reason, this paper would be discussing the role of the registered nurse in health care delivery. We would also discuss the professional standard and expectations for registered nurse. The quality assurance and confidentiality issues would then be discussed. In addition, this paper would explore the responsibility of the employers in hiring new health care staff. This would then include the employers expectation regarding competencies. Finally, a conclusion would be provided in order to highlight important details discussed in the paper. Different Roles of the Registered Nurse Primary Caregiver As a caregiver, the nurse practices nursing as a science. The nurse provides intervention to meet physical, psychosocial, spiritual, and environmental needs of patients and families using the nursing process and critical thinking skills. The nurse as a caregiver is skilled and empathetic, knowledgeable and caring. RNs provide direct, hands on care to patients in all health care agencies and settings. They also take an active role in illness prevention and health promotion and maintenance (Chitty, 2005; Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2006; Masters, 2009). Nurse Leader/Coordinator The Nurse Coordinator role is unique. It is a vital part of the multidisciplinary care team for patients and contributes to improved patient outcomes. The core functions of the Nurse Coordinator role centre around the patients physical and psychosocial assessment, care coordination, education and support, from coordinating the patients diagnostic work-up tests to assisting them to navigate the hospital system, and referring them to allied health professionals. The Coordinator is an important resource for the patient and family and acts as a focal point of contact throughout their time in the hospital (ANMC, 2006; Hood Leddy, 2006). Incorporated in this advanced practice role, the Nurse Coordinator is responsible for maintaining clinical competencies and participating in those activities that contribute to the ongoing development of self and other health care professionals. The Nurse Coordinator contributes to the educational needs of clinical nurses and participates in both informal and formal education programs at a national and international level (ANMC, 2006; Hood Leddy, 2006). Patient Advocate The purpose of this role is to respect patient decisions and boost patient autonomy. Patient advocacy includes a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship to secure self-determination, protections of patients right and acting as an intermediary between patients and their significant others and healthcare providers (Blais et al., cited in Masters, 2009). A patient advocate is mainly concerned with empowering the patient through the nurse-patient relationship. The nurse represents the interests of the patient who has needs that are unmet and are likely to remain unmet without the nurses special intervention. The professional nurse speaks for the patients interest as if the patients interests were the nurses own (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006; MacDonald, 2006: Masters, 2009). Nurse Educator Nurse educators teach patients and families, the community, other health care team members, students and businesses. In hospital settings as patient and family educators, nurses provide information about illnesses and teach about medications, treatments and rehabilitation needs. They also help patients understand how to deal with the life changes necessitated by chronic illnesses and teach how to adapt care to the home setting when that is required (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006). Nurse as Collaborator Collaboration is important in professional nursing practice as a way to improve patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary teams require collaborative practice, and nurses play a key role as both team members and team leaders. To fulfill a collaborative role, nurses need to assume accountability and increased authority in practice areas. Collaboration requires that nurses understand and appreciate what other health professionals have to offer. They must also be able to interpret to others the nursing needs of patients. Collaboration with patients and families is also essential. Involving patients and their families in the plan of care from the beginning is the best way to ensure their cooperation, enthusiasm and willingness to work toward the best patient outcome (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006). Nurse Practitioner A nurse practitioner is a registered nurse educated and authorized to function autonomously and collaboratively in an advanced and extended clinical role. The nurse practitioner role includes assessment and management of clients using nursing knowledge and skills and may include but is not limited to, the direct referral of patients to other health care professionals, prescribing medications and ordering diagnostic investigations. The nurse practitioner role is grounded in the nursing professions values, knowledge, theories and practice and provides innovative and flexible health care delivery that complements other health care providers. The scope of practice of the nurse practitioner is determined by the context in which the nurse practitioner is authorized to practice. (ANMC, 2006; Carryer, Gardner, G., Dunn, Gardner, A., 2007). Professional Standards and Expectations for Registered Nurses Standards within a professional practice are known as statements of an authoritative nature through which the profession to which they relate to provide a unique description of the responsibilities of all practitioners within that profession (Campbell Mackay, 2001). Further, the standards and expectations are in place to ensure that all practitioners are also accountable for the work and duties they perform. When it comes to nursing, this is done in order to create boundaries and to provide a level of care that is equitable for all patients. Further, the priorities and values of nurses must be common to each nurse within the profession, and the standards and expectations outlines this as such (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, Fitzgerald, Wash, Borbasi, 2002; American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Schiemann, 2007; Furaker, 2008). While standards will vary in specifics across nursing specializations, and across countries, there is a general mindset as to what is expected of nurses in terms of expectations and standards. They are intended to provide daily guidance to nurses as they practice. Accountability, ethics, competence, knowledge, and the practical application of knowledge are key elements that are common to all nursing standards and expectations (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, et al., 2002; AACN, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Schiemann, 2007; Furaker, 2008 ). Nurses are required to be held accountable for every action that they take on a daily basis. This requires constant documentation of every element of their daily job, and following a chain of command within their select position. They are also required to maintain ethical standards within their practice, and to follow all ethical guidelines as set forth by their governing body of nursing. Furthermore, nurses are expected to have a set amount of knowledge before they enter the field of practitioner work, and with that knowledge set come an expectation of competence and practical application. Nurses are expected to be competent in their knowledge base such that they know and understand what they are supposed to in the medical field, and also, are supposed to know how to apply that knowledge in a practical manner (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, et al., 2002; AACN, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008). Quality Assurance Quality Assurance is another issue that is common across all standards and expectations for nurses. Through this, quality assurance standards ensure that nurses are practicing with quality efforts which in itself promote their competence and practical applications. This will require continuous education on the part of the individual nurse, as quality assurance standards across many medical centers, cities, and countries are in a constant state of evolution. It is the responsibility of the nurse practitioner to understand their quality assurance expectations at all times (Ellis Hartley, 2004; Hood Leddy, 2006). Confidentiality Confidentiality is another element of most standards and expectations for nurses. This is a requirement that nurses do not have an option to practice or not. Legislation and privacy concerns are in effect all across the globe, and nurses have the expectation that they will maintain confidential and private information for their patients within the patient doctor realm. Patients use medical services under the understanding that their information and medical records are not being seen by the wrong person, or found in the wrong hands, and because nurses have the most contact between patient and doctor, these are standards of paramount significance to the nursing profession (Deshefy-Longhi, Dixon, Olsen, Grey, 2004, Ellis Hartley, 2004; Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Masters, 2009). Employers Responsibility in Hiring New Health Care Staff The employer of an organization has an inherent duty to employ competent staff. This is not only cost-effective on the part of the employer but also guarantee in some ways that the products and services provided by the organization are competently given to the end-users. In the context of health care employees, such as the RNs there is an accreditation scheme to ensure the capacity of the RNs to carry out his/her job. In this manner, the employers responsibility to screen the professional capacity of the RN is significantly simplified. Seeking only the certification of the newly hired RN will guarantee that he/she has satisfied the minimum requirements of training, licensure, and communication proficiency to carry out his/her role as health professional. Having the employer check the credentials of the newly hired RN as well as his/her certification with authorities will allow the employer to measure the RN capability to perform his/her jobs in the organization (Ellis Hartley, 2004; Hart, Olson Fredrickson, McGovern, 2006). Employers Expectations Regarding Competencies Registered nurses should appraise their strengths, weaknesses and preferences. The RNs must ensure that there is a good match between their abilities and employers expectations. Ellis and Hartley (as cited in Chitty, 2005) suggest that RNs examine themselves in seven areas in which employers have expectations. Theoretical knowledge should be adequate to provide basic patient care and to make clinical judgments. Employers expect RN to be able to recognize the early signs and symptoms of patient problems, such as an allergic reaction to a blood transfusion, and take the appropriate nursing action, that is, discontinue the transfusion. They are expected to know potential problems related to various patients conditions. (p. 212) The ability to use the nursing process systematically as a means of planning care is important. Employers evaluate nurses understanding of the phases of the process: assessment, analysis, nursing diagnosis/outcome identification, planning, intervention and evaluation. They expect nurses to ensure that all elements of a nursing care plan are used in delivering nursing care and that there is documentation in the patients record to that effect. (p. 213) Self-awareness is critically important. Employers ask prospective employees to identify their own strengths and weaknesses. They need to know that new nurses are willing to ask for help and recognize their limitations. New graduates who are unable or unwilling to request for help pose a risk to patients-a risk that employers are unwilling to accept. (p. 213) Documentation ability is an increasingly important skill that employers value. Employers expect RN to recognize what patient data should be charted and to know that all nursing care should be entered in patient records. (p. 213) Work ethic is another area in which employers are vitally interested. Work ethic means that prospective RN employees understand what is expected of them and are committed to providing it. Employers expect new graduates to recognize that the most desirable positions and work hours do not usually go to entry-level workers in any field. In the nursing profession, a nurse cannot leave work until patient care responsibilities have been turned over to a qualified replacement; therefore, being late to work or â€Å"calling in sick â€Å" when not genuinely incapacitated are luxuries professional nurses cannot afford. (p. 213) Skill proficiency of new graduates varies widely, and employers are aware of this. Most large facilities now provide fairly lengthy orientation periods, during which each nurses skills are appraised and opportunities are provided to practice new procedures. In general, smaller and rural facilities have less formalized orientation programs, and earlier independent functioning is expected. (p. 213) Speed of functioning is another area in which new nurses vary widely. By the end of a well-planned orientation period, the new graduate should be able to manage the average patient load without too much difficulty. Time management is a skill that is closely related to speed of functioning. The ability to organize and prioritize nursing care for a group of patients is the key to good time management. (p. 214) Conclusion Through time nurses have advanced their roles into various spheres of practice, and this progression seems set to continue as healthcare continues to evolve. Whatever the reason, central to role extension should be the delivery of safe care to all patients, with the support of the multi- disciplinary team to ensure good standards of patient care. Nurses should ensure that each activity performed when advancing a role should complement the current job, one which they are competent in. Nurses should guard themselves against litigation and carefully consider what they really want to do, as each practitioner is accountable for their actions and should be aware of the legal implications of practice within the process of advancing professional practice. Reference American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. (2003). Safeguarding the Patient and the Profession: The Value of Critical Care Nurse Certification. Retrieved May 5, 2010 from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.library.vu.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4hid=11sid=a5993293-dc81-4e26-93ec-1fec6430d3b1%40sessionmgr4 Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2008). Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. Retrieved May 5, 2010 from http://www.anmc.org.au/userfiles/file/New%20Code%20of%20Professional%20Conduct%20for%20Nurses%20August%202008(1).pdf Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2006). National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse. Retrieved May 5, 2010 from http://www.anmc.org.au/userfiles/file/RN%20Competency%20Standards%20August%202008%20(new%20format).pdf Campbell, B., Mackay, G. (2001). Continuing Competence: An Ontario Nursing Regulatory Program That Supports Nurses and Employers. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 25(2), 22-30 Retrieved from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.library.vu.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4hid=11sid=42ae05a5-ab95-46df-976e-9c3eaa7b6092%40sessionmgr12 Carryer, J., Gardner, G., Dunn, S., Gardner, A. (2007). The core role of the nurse practitioner: practice, professionalism and clinical leadership. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 1818-1825. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01823.x Chitty, K. K. (2005). Professional Nursing: Concepts Challenges(4th ed.). St Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders Deshefy-Longhi, T., Dixon, J. K., Olsen, D., Grey, M. (2004). Privacy and Confidentiality Issues in Primary Care: Views of Advanced Practice Nurses and their Patients. Nursing Ethic, 11(4), 378-394. doi: 10.1191/0969733004ne710oa Ellis, J., R, Hartley, C., L. (2004). Nursing in Todays World: Trends Issues Management (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Furaker, C. (2008). Registered Nurses views on their professional role. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 933-941. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2008.0872.x Hart, P. A., Olson, D. K., Fredrickson, A. L., McGovern, P. (2006). Competencies Most Valued by employers-Implications for Masters-Prepared Occupational Health Nurses. Business and Leadership, 54, (7), 327-335. Retrieved from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.library.vu.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7hid=11sid=42ae05a5-ab95-46df-976e-9c3eaa7b6092%40sessionmgr12 Hood, L. J., Leddy, S. K., (2006). Leddy Peppers: Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing(6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins MacDonald, H. (2006). Relational ethics and advocacy in nursing: literature review. Journal of Advance Nursing, 57(2), 119-126. doi. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04063.x Masters, K. (2009). Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice (6th ed.). Sudbury MA: Jones And Bartlett Publishers Pearcey, P. (2008). Nursing Roles: Shifting roles in nursing does role extension require role abdication? Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 1320-1326. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02135.x Pearson, A., Fitzgerald, M., Walsh, K., Borbasi, S. (2002). Continuing competence and the regulation of nursing practice. Journal of Nursing Management, 10, 357-364. Retrived from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.library.vu.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4hid=10sid=1e5abd6f-0fce-4667-af73-c2cfe7c90ba5%40sessionmgr11 Schiemann, D. (2007). Expert Standards in Nursing as an Instrument for Evidence-based Nursing Practice. Journal of Nursing Care Quality,22(2), 172- 179. Retrived from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.library.vu.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7hid=10sid=1e5abd6f-0fce-4667-af73-c2cfe7c90ba5%40sessionmgr11

A Single Tear

Paintings can have all sorts of meanings. Usually, painters use these pieces of art to express themselves on things they cannot normally do. Sometimes, it can also be a product of imagination. At times, they want to visualize a series of events into one artwork. These paintings turn out to be abstracts but along the lines and colors used, there is still a hidden meaning enclosed in them. This what makes paintings interesting and mysterious.The lithograph represents the typical Indian leader amidst struggles and tests of life. No matter how strong and determined a leader is, he still has his weak moments and the snow and wind symbolize the stumbling blocks. But no matter how difficult it may seem to be, the leader is always a leader and he must not let his fears bring him down.The Indian Chief showed his strength by leading his people in their exodus. Even if he is uncertain of what is about to come, he kept his people together and hand in hand, they are to face the challenges.Just by his name alone, I think Mr. Echohawk is an Indian himself. If not, he probably has strong affiliations with Native Americans. This Indian Chief which he portrayed intensely could be his ancestors. Maybe he learned of their story about the hard times undergone by the American Indians not so long ago.And since he was not there and could not be there, he imagined what might have taken place through this painting. Since it is difficult or impossible to describe through paintings the feelings of this Indian Chief, he used a single tear to speak for his emotions.The single tear that streamed from this warrior’s face signifies leadership. It does not mean that a good leader would not feel apprehensions anymore. Further, it does not mean it would make the Indian Chief less of a man if a tear drops from his face. Like a normal humanA Single Tear  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2being and any other leader, he feels scared too. But this Indian Chief is driven by willpower and fortitude to deliver his people to safety. The leader also felt fear but his responsibility to his people vanquished these feelings of doubt and insecurity to what the future holds.The single tear reveals the imperfection of the human race regardless of our color and tribe. By imperfection, it means that each person despite of his stature and position becomes fragile sometimes. The Indian Chief in the painting is experiencing vulnerability but he must live up to his dignity and sense of worth.As to his case, what urged him not to give up is for the sake of his people who look up to him being the person in command. If he surrenders, then his people would lose hope. His courage marks the fate of the American Indians.The single tear also denotes faith and hope. Faith in that after the storm, the sun will shine for the Indian Chief and his people. Faith that the snow and wind is only temporary and it will end somehow. Hope is a positive outlook from which they get their strength to surpass all these trials and hardships. Hope that a brighter life is in store for the native community.History tells us that the Native Americans have a rich past which upholds both their ups and downs. They acknowledged their victories and defeats and learned from these experiences which made them a stronger community despite chauvinism and discrimination from the whites. What is important for them is their unity and pride as a race of principled people.  Finally, I really view this painting by Mr. Echohawk as an emotional one. It portrays a mixture of passion and sentiment. I wish my readers can see this painting for themselves. Rest assured that anybody can definitely empathize with me. Just like any struggling race, the American Indians are trying their best to save their bloodline in the midst of globalization and modernity. This trait is the one I truly appreciate.

The Effects Of Climate Change On The Sea Levels - 1845 Words

With sea levels predicted to rise by as much as three feet by the year 2100, Low-lying nations and coastal cities face an unprecedented challenge during the next century. Many island nations within the Pacific and Indian Oceans are especially vulnerable given they comprise chains of small atolls which only rise a foot or two above existing sea levels. We are a part of a society, one that must pose questions to develop further understanding on the issue of climate change – how does climate change impact low-lying islands and what are its effects; what are the social, economic and political issues caused by climate change, how can these issues be resolved, what is the relationship between Australia and these island nations (especially in relation to supplying possible refugee settlements); and what are other countries doing to assist the islands? Our changing sea levels are slowly swallowing these low-lying island states, which offer a clear warning of the perils associated with a warming planet, and the implications society will eventually face. The Effects of Climate Change Climate change refers to a change in the composition of the global atmosphere over time. It is a change in climate patterns, which includes temperature, precipitation and winds. It can occur either due to a natural process or as a result of human intervention. Just a few added degrees to the Earth’s climate can jeopardize the environment if it does not have enough time to adapt. This can result inShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Effects of Sea Level Rise Caused by Climate Change932 Words   |  4 PagesThat Sinking Feeling Climate change. Global warming. We’ve heard these terms thrown around so often in the media that they’ve almost lost all meaning. We’ve heard academics throw predictions of polar ice caps melting and nations disappearing into the ocean, much to the denial and distaste of the sceptics. But, really, we haven’t been affected so far. And by scientific predictions, any changes to the earth will be well into the distant future. So why should we worry? Why should we care? Far out inRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Oceans1284 Words   |  6 PagesIn addition to carbon dioxide levels and surface temperatures, oceans also provide scientists with evidence of climate change. Oceans play a major role in climate change because they absorb almost all (90% from 1971-2010) of the energy increase in the climate system (â€Å"Summary†, 2013, p. 8). Scientists are confident that ocean surface temperatures have increased since the beginning of industrialization (â€Å"Summary†, 2013, p. 8) and that humans have contributed to this ocean warming (â€Å"Summary†, 2013Read MoreThe Alarming and Troublesome Global Warming Issue 1407 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming has been one of the most challenging problems our society has encountered and people dont acknowledge that our climate change is becoming worse as the time goes by. Climate change which is said to be the regular or ordinary weather in an environment consists of patterns like seasons and temperature. Climate patterns play such an important role in constructing an essential ecosystem, human economies and cultures that rely on them has raised the surface of the worlds oceans in recentRead MorePotiential Future Effects of Global Warming1834 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Climate change is one the biggest threats to nature and mankind in the 21st century. The impacts of climate change are visible everywhere, whether its melting glaciers, rising sea level, severe storms, heavy flooding, reduced snowfall in the north and a severe drought in the south. It will also have a number of effects on the flora and fauna in the future. Scientists predict that global warming in the near future may cause a mass extinction of wildlife, affecting more than 1 millionRead MoreClimate Change1617 Words   |  7 Pagesand rising sea levels. I joined model ‘Elevation Points’ with probabilistic sea-level rise projected areas to assess future coastal submersion of New York City. New York is very susceptible to the impacts of sea-level rise, including storm surge and coastal flooding. Many scientist deem man-made creations the cause of changes to the world’s climate and are promoting dramatic swings in the weather, such as, more floods, hurricanes, droughts, hurricanes, and heat waves. Rising sea levels are anticipatedRead MoreClimate Change And Ocean Level Rise And Its Effects On Coastal Societies1490 Words   |  6 Pages Climate Change and Ocean Level Rise and their effects Michael Estrada Florida Atlantic University July 19, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Climate Change†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Melting of Greenland and the Arctic and its effects on the Ecosystem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Ocean level rise and its effects on Coastal Societies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreClimate Change and Global Warming1074 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change and Global Warming are out of control. This means that, no matter what policies, processes or actions are implemented, the Earth as we know it will never be the same again. There is significant evidence to support this hypothesis. The dilemma becomes whether we can limit the damage and adapt to a new status quo or not. Rising sea levels and the damage caused by this phenomenon has irreversible impacts on coastlines worldwide. Damage to sensitive reef systems cannot be fixed. This alsoRead MoreThe Reality And Hoax Of Climate Change1536 Words   |  7 PagesBetween The Reality and Hoax of Climate Change People usually get into a long conversation or avoid the argument in the first place when they talk about Climate Change or Global Warming. In fact, climate change is one of the most debatable subjects in the modern era. In addition, there are different views about this subject. One is from the scientific community prospect, which they believe in this phenomenon. On the other hand, there is the skepticism of the economists and investors, especially whoRead MoreClimate Change : Its Causes, Effects And Impacts On The Globe And Mitigation Strategies1307 Words   |  6 Pages1. Climate Change: Its causes, effects and impacts on the Globe and mitigation strategies The â€Å"Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers† addresses the observed changes and their causes; future climate change risks and impacts; future pathways for adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development; adaptation and mitigation. Through various scientific researches, it has been confirmed that human influence on the climate system is clear and recent anthropogenic emissions ofRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : The Global Warming1472 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Climate Change Currently when human life is growing, human activities impact on the environment and climate to lead to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and that is the big challenge for human kind. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it? Climate change is the change of weather, climate, may be due to human or natural causes. The specific expression that we often hear about is the phenomenon does not stop warming the earth, the greenhouse effect, melting

Counseling Specializations And Multidisciplinary Teams

Counseling Specializations and Multidisciplinary Teams It is my belief, a school counselor must have the personality characteristics of an effective counselor and have a personal approach to treatment. Personal characteristics of an effective counselor are as follows: making life oriented choices, being authentic, sincere, and honest with students at all times. Other characteristics consist of appreciating the influence of different cultures and being passionate with students as they are counseled. Having the respect for others, regardless of culture, race, and ethnicity are also characteristics of being a great counselor. Being authentic, honest, and sincere helps build a great rapport with students, parents, and co-workers. Students need someone to be passionate and show genuine concern when helping them through their educational journey. Each child is a unique individual who needs a secure, caring, and stimulating atmosphere in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. It should be a counselor ’s desire along with teaching staff to help students meet their needs to their fullest potential in these areas by providing an environment that is safe, supports risk-taking, and invites shared ideas. A school counselor should have goals of being a leader in educational reform, being visible on school teams, and serving as a student and system advocate. School Counselors should provide a bridge between students, teachers, andShow MoreRelatedCounseling Specializations And Multidisciplinary Teams Essay2331 Words   |  10 Pages Counseling Specializations and Multidisciplinary Teams The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the counseling profession and its ability to work on cases in multidisciplinary teams. A variety of scholarly journal articles were taken into account in order to gain insight into the field of counseling and some of its specializations. For this paper, the focus was, aside from general counseling, on marriage and family therapy as well as addiction counseling. The key philosophiesRead MoreCounseling Specializations Multidisciplinary Teams1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe main concept of this study is to effectively display Multidisciplinary Teams and the role they have on the field of Mental Health. MDTs have been proven to be an effective format for collaboration of Mental Health Clinicians to exhibit the core concepts of wellness, resilience, and prevention for the overall health of the patient. Evidence has been shown to prove that when MDTs are being practiced in the field of study, Mental Health Clinicians exhibit enthusiasm of the skills and ideas beingRead MoreHistory of Counseling Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ History of Counseling Lead to Multidisciplinary Teams COUN5004 Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors History of Counseling Leading to Multidisciplinary Teams Counseling is a relatively new profession which has transformed over time from treating mental illnesses to providing educational guidance to counseling with a variety of specializations. Pistole summarizes by stating that counselors, now, aim to, â€Å"contribute to the vitality and vigor andRead MoreA Brief Historical Perspective Of Key Philosophies1874 Words   |  8 Pagesbeginnings of the counseling profession can be traced back as far as the Greeks with the emergence of psychology. Psychology did not develop into a legitimate profession until the late 1800s. As time went on it spawned numerous other profession, Counseling Psychology being one of them (Landrum). Some of the most prominent Psychologist in the field such as Freud, Erikson, and Witmer, utilized techniques, most notably †Talk Therapy†, which lead to the formation of the counseling profession (The historyRead MoreCounseling: Mental Health Counselor1320 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿U03A1_ COUNSELING SP ECIALIZATIONS AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS_ARezendes Resilience, an Evolving Concept: A Review of Literature Relevant to Aboriginal Research Resilience, an Evolving Concept: A Review of Literature Relevant to Aboriginal Research Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the history of counseling; specifically how school counseling and mental health counseling came to be. I will also examine the key philosophies of the counseling profession including, wellness, resilience, andRead MoreSocial Work in the Justice System Essay2769 Words   |  12 Pagescollaboration with the criminal justice system escaping widespread notice as well as the roles played in the judicial court systems. This paper takes a look at the point and the many purposes of forensic social work. Covering their role in multidisciplinary mitigation teams and collaboration between social workers and lawyers in criminal defense also the type service social work practitioners provide to inmate populations; the active involvement in an inmate’s daily life both during their sentence as wellRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug Addiction2146 Words   |  9 Pageshave evolved to specialize in different demographics in order to meet the needs of a community. Though t he majority of drug courts in the United States are for adult offenders, certain specializations are becoming more common as well. Veterans’ Courts use the drug court model and integrate mental health counseling to promote sobriety among veterans and some active duty service members involved in the justice system. Additionally, there are specific Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) courts, which useRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource PoliciesRead MoreMastering Graduate Studies 1e32499 Words   |  130 Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods of Effective Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communicating in Forums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communicating in Teams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classroom Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesOpportunities for Improvement, Reality Check, Identify Outdated Strategies, Increase Management’s Ability to Address Concerns, Enhances Teamwork, Increase Commitment to Change – Limitations of Audit – Timing of an Audit – Audit Process: Staffing the Audit Team, Creating an Audit Project Plan, Laying the Ground Work for the Audit, Analyzing Audit Results, Sharing Audit Results, Writing Audit Reports, Dealing with Resistance to Audit Recommendations, Building an Ongoing Audit Program – Audit Tools and Techniques:

Not an Education Thing, It’s a Medical Thing Attention...

The treatment of people with ADHD has varied over the years with what they can and cannot do. â€Å"ADHD stands for Attention-defiance hyperactivity disorder, it is a condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity† (NAMI). Usually, it is diagnosed in early childhood, but it is not limited to children, adults can also be diagnosed later in their years. The diagnose effects about 9% in children ages 9-17 and 2-4% adults. The symptoms are different for everyone, because there is such a wide range of diagnoses. ADHD itself cannot be determined by just one test, it takes a series of test. Symptoms include, difficult engaging is activities quietly, excessive talking, difficult times in paying attention and failure to pay†¦show more content†¦After becoming so into swimming, in sixth grade he told his mom he wanted to be taken off stimulant medication for ADHD, and she decided to go along with it, thinking with his busy schedule he could control himsel f. Now, at 28 years old the Olympic swimmer has won a total of 22 medals, 13 world records and the most medals at a single game. His mother, Debbie Phelps, says â€Å"â€Å"All kids can fail us at times, but if you work with them, nine times out of 10, they’ll make you proud† (Dutton). In America’s military, ADHD restricts men and women from enlisting in certain positions or duties. The enlisting policy states that the diagnosis or treatment was enough to disqualify a person from service until they could receive a special waver. However, under the new standards changed in 2004, anyone who has been treated with ADHD medication in the past year or shows â€Å"significant† evidence of ADHD symptoms is the only way they can be disqualified. Some people say that since it has not been challenged in a court of law, it is obviously not that important to the citizens of America. Even with more relax standards, the overly restrictive policy that regards ADHD medication is something that still needs to be adjusted. â€Å"An individual with ADD/ADHD who is being treated with medication is not necessarily too ADD/ADHD to be an effective soldier† (Jaska). Arguments are often made about the well-being of soldiers with ADHD who are somehow more capable then ot hers,Show MoreRelatedThe Difference of Sadness and Depression in Children Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesMost people think that sadness and depression are terms refer to the same emotional disorder level. In fact, sadness is the behavior that occurs as a result of facing some difficulties in our daily life and it is usually continues for a couple of days. While depression is a serious mental illness that happen due to the continual feeling of sadness that persist for weeks, months and even years. Depression can affect people from all ages, in 1975, the National Institute of Mental Health announced thatRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1787 Words   |  8 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Also known as: ADHD WHAT IS ADHD? ADHD is a behavioral disorder that affects about 10% of school-aged children. Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it. Children with ADHD act without thinking, are hyperactive, and have trouble focusing. They may understand what is anticipated of them but have trouble following through because they can’t sit still, pay attention or focus on details. All children, act this way at times, particularly when theyRead MoreDropping Out Of High School2003 Words   |  9 Pagesthey do not plan to further their education and do not see a reason to finish if they do not plan to go to college. Many of these students are victims of their disease, be it substance abuse or mental health. When the disease takes over, nothing else matters, I have seen it happen many times in the few years I have lived. It is because of my own experience that I say that the three main reasons young people drop out of high school are due to psychological disorders, drug addiction, or engaging in

Juvenile Justice Free Essays

Treatment vs. Punishment There are many different types of crimes committed by juvenile delinquents in today’s society. These crimes consist of violent crimes, property crimes, forgery, fraud, vandalism as well as many others. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2009, there were 32,638,900 youths in the United States and 1,906,600 of them were arrested for a type of crime. (Puzzanchera Adams, 2012). There are many options that the Department of Juvenile Justice System can lead towards such as punishment or treatment, but the rehabilitation depends on the juvenile at hand. Most research suggests there is a reduced recidivism amongst juveniles who receive treatment. Treatment options are the ideal way to deal with juvenile delinquency. Juvenile Delinquency The definition of juvenile delinquency is a behavior against the criminal code, committed by an individual who has not reached proper adulthood by state or federal law. (Bartol Bartol, 2011). Different states have different age of jurisdictions ranging from ages 15 through 17 which 37 states have adopted. â€Å"The age of the youth dictates whether the juvenile court or the adult court system has authority over the case. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 1. 2). For instance, if a juvenile committed a crime in Michigan at the age of 17 the jurisdiction would be in adult court system. Treatment and Punishment Concepts There is a debate on whether juvenile delinquents should be punished for their crimes, or if they should be rehabilitated for the crimes they committed. When many people look at the court system they may believe that the juvenile justice system is geared towards punishment but in the past, the juvenile justice system was geared towards rehabilitation. Historically, the juvenile justice system was oriented toward rehabilitation and care of the youth. † (Listwan, 2013, Sec 1. 3). In recent years, society is getting back to rehabilitation concepts by incorporating different treatment options whereas in the 1970’s a psychologist by the name of Robert Martinson did a study on whether or not treatment reduced recidivism rates. In his study, Martinson concluded that treatment did not lead to lower recidivism rates and stated, â€Å"Nothing works† when it came to treatment. (Listwan, 2013). Currently in the midst of juvenile delinquency, research is showing that treatment services are working by as much as 30–35 percent. (Listwan, 2013). In Australia, a study was conducted on recidivism rates for juvenile offenders and they reported that 1,500 juvenile justice clients reoffended, which was a 61 percent increase. (Day, Howells Rickwood, 2004). They were astonished by this number and began to implement rehabilitation known as a â€Å"what works† approach to offenders. â€Å"This approach can be summarized by a core set of principles of human service delivery. Collectively, these principles suggest that reductions in recidivism can be maximized when programs select appropriate candidates, target factors that directly relate to their offending, and are delivered in ways that facilitate learning. † (Day, Howells Rickwood, 2004, Para 5). This program appears to be working at the recidivism rates are decreasing. The United States is also implementing rehabilitation programs to help reduce recidivism rates. â€Å"More than 30 years of research has produced a body of evidence that clearly demonstrates that rehabilitation programs work. (Przybylski, 2008, Pg 2). Juvenile Sex Offenders and Juvenile Justice Intervention Strategy A juvenile sex offender is described as a youth who has been convicted of a sex crime which may include rape, sodomy, fondling, or other forced sexual act. (Listwan, 2013). Numerous people believe that society should throw away the key on these juvenile sex offenders. â€Å"Sex offenders are often placed on the low est rung of the criminal hierarchy— meaning that most people feel that sex offenders are the worst of the worst. † (Listwan, 2013, Sec 9. 4). In some cases, if a child does not receive the proper counseling needed, they can grow up committing the same acts of violence which were bestowed on them. For instance, â€Å"violence becomes a learned problem-solving technique transmitted from one generation to the next in a phenomenon known as the cycle of violence. † (Collica Furst, 2012, Sec 7. 1). If a youth does end up committing this act of violence, they are first adjudicated by the court system and will receive their sentencing. A judge will either send them to a treatment facility or else may send them to a detention center depending on the age of the juvenile. All judges seem to believe that family structure and prior record are almost equally important factors in determining offenders’ likelihood of rehabilitation. (D’Angelo, 2010). There are many treatment facilities which deal specifically with juvenile sex offenders. Psychologists are becoming more optimistic in the treatment of sex offenders. â€Å"First, they believe that the most effective interventions, or treatment methods, are those that follow the principles of risk, need, and responsivity (RNR). † (Bartol Bartol, 2011, Pg 403). Other treatment which appears to be successful is cognitive behavioral therapy which shapes the behavior as well as thinking pattern in offenders. This therapy teaches juveniles on their thinking pattern on some situation and how that can influence their actions in some situations. â€Å"Cognitive behavior therapy argues that maladaptive sexual behaviors are learned according to the same rules as normal sexual behavior, by means of classical and/or instrumental conditioning, modeling, reinforcement, generalization, and punishment. † (Bartol Bartol, 2011, Pg 404). A great deal of studies suggests that cognitive behavior therapy appears to be the best treatment in reducing recidivism amongst juvenile delinquents whether this include sexual offences or any other type of offences. Juveniles who complete a cognitive-behavioral program are less likely to commit sexual or any re-offenses than are juveniles who do not receive treatment, receive an alternative treatment, or do not complete treatment. (Przybylski, 2008, Pg 53). Multisystemic therapy (MST) is also a successful treatment approach for serious juvenile offenders. This therapy option addresses the cognitive and systemic factors such as family, peers, as well as school which are associated with risk factors. The juvenile, counselor as well as the family work together. In a study conducted, â€Å"The data showed that MST participants had significantly lower recidivism rates at follow-up than did those participants who received individual therapy (50% vs. 81%, respectively). Recidivism, depending on the study, refers to re-arrest, reconviction, or incarceration after an initial juvenile arrest, conviction, or incarceration. (Bartol Bartol, 2011, Pg 168). In North Carolina, there is a successful intervention program called Sexual Abuse Intervention Services. This program is located at Barium Spring. This program offers, This program offers, psychosexual evaluation (Sex Offense Specific Evaluation), in-home family therapy, weekly sex offense specific group therapy, individual therapy, individualized safety plans in the home, school and community, case management—coordinating and monitoring services, ongoing consultation with juvenile court counselors to monitor client’s reatment progress and status in the home/community, family reunification when appropriate, step-down services for clients who are transitioning back into the community from residential placement. (Foster, 2013). This program believes in treating juvenile sex offenders to reduce recidivism. The program appears to be successful for the fact that many juvenile sex offender clients at a local group home attended this program and none of them have reoffended. Unfortunately, there is no data available. Juvenile Crime Statistics Different states have different statistics on juvenile offenders. In 2009, 1,906,600 juveniles were arrested for various types of crimes in the United States. During that year, there were 722,000 youths in Arizona, 1,096,000 in Michigan, and 971,900 youths in North Carolina. (Puzzanchera, Adams, Kang, 2012). In that same year, Arizona had 52,062 juveniles arrested for various crimes; Michigan had 36,643 juvenile arrested and North Carolina had 48,634 for various crimes. Statistics indicate that in Arizona, 1,366 juveniles were arrested for violent crimes including rape, robbery and aggravated assault and 11,181 were arrested for property crimes including burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson as well as many others. In Michigan there were 2,136 juveniles arrested for violent crimes and 10,993 were arrested for property crimes. North Carolina statistics show that 2,483 juveniles were arrested for violent crimes and 12,766 were arrested for property crime. (Puzzanchera, Adams, Kang, 2012). The arrest rate in juveniles has steadily decreased from the 1990’s through present time in Arizona, Michigan and North Carolina. Society would agree that this decrease in crime is beneficial to every person in the community. Arizona, Michigan and North Carolina juvenile arrests consist of every race including White, Black, Indian, Asian, Hispanic, as well as many others. Not one particular race committed any acts of violence, but instead all races. For instance, in Arizona, 10,259 White juveniles committed violent crimes and 34,070 committed property crimes. ,465 Black juveniles committed violent crimes and 3,191 committed property crimes including drug charges. 5,016 Hispanic juveniles committed violent crimes and 15,388 committed property crimes. (Halliday, 2011). In Michigan, violent crime data indicates that nine Black juveniles committed murders and one White committed murder. 476 black juveniles were arrested for aggravated assault, 418 arrests for White juveniles, and 12 arrests of Hispanic juveniles. (Elam, Siemon Fitzpatrick, 2012). As for robbery in Michigan, 384 were Black juveniles, whereas 39 were White and six were Hispanic juveniles. Property crimes such as larceny show that 3,131 arrests were White juveniles, 2,241 arrests were Black juveniles and 151 were Hispanic juveniles. (Elam, Siemon Fitzpatrick, 2012). For burglary crimes, there were 630 arrests of White juveniles, 651 arrests of Black juveniles and 29 arrests of Hispanic juveniles. In North Carolina, the statistics are different than Arizona as well as Michigan. The state of North Carolina analyzes their data according to class felonies. For instance, in 2009 the juvenile arrest rate for Black juveniles with a class A-E felony which includes, murder, rape, sexual assault, manslaughter, drug crimes, sexual battery, robbery as well as others was 485 juveniles. (NCDJJ, 2010). There were 226 White juveniles convicted of a class A-E felony and 28 Hispanic. In the class F-I felony which includes property crimes, the data indicated 4,816 Black juveniles were arrested, 2,837 White juveniles were arrested as well as 1,670 Hispanics were arrested. (NCDJJ, 2010). Males along with females both account for crimes committed on adult as well as juvenile levels. Numerous people believe that males make up arrest statistics, but females contribute to these arrests. For instance, in the state of Arizona, 16,943 females were arrested in 2009. 34,659 juvenile males were arrested that same year. The female juveniles accounted for 4,611 violent crimes and 12,332 property crimes. 7,804 arrests were made for violent crimes amongst males and 26, 855 for property crimes. (Halliday, 2011). In Michigan, juvenile females accounted for 6,484 arrests in 2009. Male arrest rates were much higher at 14,814. (Elam, Siemon Fitzpatrick, 2012). â€Å"The number of arrests statewide decreased for both male and female juveniles between 2005 and 2009, with violent crimes by females decreasing more slightly than violent crimes by males. † (Elam, Siemon Fitzpatrick, 2012, Pg 43). In 2009, there were 2,734 juvenile females arrested for larceny theft as well as 2,894 juvenile males arrested for larceny theft. Unfortunately, there was no data available for juvenile gender arrests except that all arrests made were 75% male juveniles. (NCDJJ, 2010). Different states have different age ranges on who commits an act of violence. Unfortunately, not all states have data on the age ranges for youths such as Arizona. In Michigan, for instance, 86 percent of arrests for sex offences were between the ages of 13 through 16. (Elam, Siemon Fitzpatrick, 2012). In 2009, juveniles between the age of seven through 10, 276 were arrested which represented 1. percent of total arrests that year. (Elam, Siemon Fitzpatrick, 2012). In North Carolina, 3. 11 undisciplined rates per 1,000 between the ages of six to 17 were arrested. The delinquent Rate per 1,000 between the ages of six to 15 was 29. 14 in 2009. (NCDJJ, 2010). State Treatment Every state has different treatment options for juveniles. Most states offer teen courts for juvenile delinquents. For instance, in Arizona, â€Å"Teen Court hears the matter and determines an appropriate, constructive consequence, using established guidelines. (Starky, 2012). These constructive consequences range from community service hours, restitution, a letter of apology, counseling, tutoring, research papers, educational classes, skill-building classes, as well as a few others. Arizona also offers early intervention programs such as Court Unified Truancy Suppression Program, Families in Need of Services, Drug Diversion Program, as well as School Safety Program. The state of Michigan also tries early intervention as well as treatment programs for their juvenile delinquents. For instance, Michigan currently has three rehabilitation facilities which focus on therapy as well as specialized treatment programs. Unfortunately, Michigan cut their budget on treatment facilities from 2000 which had approximately 10 facilities. This state offers early intervention programs one in particular called Juvenile Accountability Block Grants JABG program. This programs mission is to â€Å"Reduce juvenile offending through accountability-based programs focused on juvenile offenders and the juvenile justice system. † (DHS, 2013). North Carolina also prefers treatment instead of punishment. â€Å"The Division offers services for youth by establishing and maintaining a seamless comprehensive juvenile justice system that promotes juvenile delinquency prevention, intervention and treatment. † (NCDPS, 2012). North Carolina juvenile justice system focuses to strengthen families, promote delinquency prevention, support core social institutions, intervene immediately and effectively when delinquent behavior occurs and identify and control the small group of serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders in the local communities. NCDPS, 2012). North Carolina offers many facilities for juveniles around the state and a great deal of these facilities includes crime specific treatment. When juveniles are adjudicated and once they are released they may continue on the same path and commit other crimes. Often times, juveniles will continue with this circle and end up back in juvenile detention centers or on probati on. The Arizona Department of Juvenile corrections had a 12 month recidivism rate of 34. 1percent for juveniles released during 2008. The number dropped from 2006 which indicated there was a 48 percent recidivism rate. (ADJC, 2010). In Michigan, the recidivism rate measured by a felony conviction was 22 percent at two years after release during 2004. The number dropped from the previous year at 24 percent. â€Å"Recidivism rates were higher for minority youths than for white youths. † (MDHS, 2013). In 2004 in North Carolina, the recidivism rate for juvenile delinquents was 26. 7 percent. (Beck, Calhoun, Hevener Katzenelson, 2007). Arizona appears to have the highest recidivism rate in all three states. Theories There is no exact evidence which addresses juvenile delinquency but a mixture of biological, psychological and sociological. The biological theory explains that physical attributes as well as heredity may lead a juvenile to commit crimes. â€Å"Biological explanations of behavior focus on biological properties of an individual, including the individual’s genetic background, structural damage in the brain, or the role of various chemicals in the nervous system. † (Wilson, 2012, Sec 1. 5). Heredity also plays a major role in behavior and criminal actions are believed to have run down in the family. Hereditary explanations of causation hold that criminality in some families is hereditary, and that deviance is genetically encoded in those born into the family group. † (Martin, 2005, Pg 76). Research believes that hormones may have an impact on people committing crimes such as higher testosterone. â€Å"Studies find that men with high levels of testosterone are more l ikely to be aggressive. More importantly, studies find that hormones can impact the brain, making individuals less sensitive to stimuli, so they in turn seek out more thrilling situations to stimulate their brain. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 3. 4). Another indicator could include the environment the juvenile resides. Environment can play a crucial role such a brain development, depression, anxiety, aggression as well as hyperactivity. Numerous people believe that the environment plays a significant role on behavior which can be stemmed from parents raising their children. â€Å"Criminals and delinquents are stimulated (reinforced) by their environment to continue acting out defiantly until they are punished in some manner. † (Martin, 2005, Pg 81). With this being said, when a juvenile is rewarded for their deviance, and receive no punishment or treatment for breaking the law, they will continue to do so until they are adjudicated. Psychological theory which is also the personality theory suggests that there is a relationship between crime and personality. â€Å"Juvenile delinquents and adult criminals are, according to psychoanalytic theory, persons without sufficiently developed egos and superegos. If the moralistic superego is weak, a person can easily act out on his or her primal urges without remorse (an unchecked id), and mislabel deviance as acceptable behavior. (Martin, 2005, Pg 80). Another theory under the psychological theory is the conditioning theory. This portion explains that a person’s future behavior is conditioned by his or her past experiences. The interrelationships between individuals, socioeconomic groups, social processes, and societal structures are known as the sociological theory. It is believe s that a lower living class has a higher crime rate. â€Å"The UCR shows that there is a class crime relationship, meaning crime rates are higher among those who are lower in class areas. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 3. 5). For instance, in many lower class areas, parents work to support their family, thus in return youths do not have any supervision. The youths in light of the freedom, tend to get into trouble. For instance, in Gladwin County in Michigan indicates this is the one of Michigan’s counties with the highest number of juvenile poverty rate which is over 29 percent. This county also has the state’s highest juvenile arrest rate. With this being said, socioeconomic considerations have an impact on the influences in juvenile delinquency. Treatment There are many treatment options for juveniles which have become readily available. The best type of treatment option would be early intervention. Youths should start young in learning to control their behavior as well as take responsibility for their actions. Numerous people will look at juvenile delinquents and give up on their treatment. They may think that he or she is past the point of rehabilitation. A beneficial program that parents should incorporate in their daily lives is called the Incredible Years Series (IYS) Program. This program not only works for children who display behavioral or conduct disorders, but also for other children. This program is geared towards children between the ages of two through ten. â€Å"The Incredible Years Parents, Teachers, and Children Training Series, is designed to prevent, reduce, and treat conduct problems among children ages 2 to 10 and to increase their social competence. † (Wilson, 2000, Pg 1). Some goals to reduce conduct problems in children include decreasing negative behaviors and noncompliance with parents at home, decreasing peer aggression and disruptive behaviors in the classroom. Other goals include promoting social, emotional, and academic competence in children such as increasing children’s social skills, increasing children’s understanding of feelings, increasing children’s conflict management skills and decrease negative attributions, as well as increasing academic engagement, school readiness, and cooperation with teachers. â€Å"A substantial body of research has clearly shown that young children with early-onset behavioral problems are at significantly greater risk of having severe antisocial difficulties, academic underachievement, school dropout, violence, and drug abuse in adolescence and adulthood. (Webster-Stratton Herman, 2010). With this program, all children can have a crime free future. Conclusion In conclusion, treatment options are the ideal way to deal with juvenile delinquency. There are many attributes which take place in dealing with punishment or treatment for juvenile offenders. Most research suggests that treatm ent is the best options and helps reduce recidivism rate. For juvenile sex offenders, specific treatment helps reduce the likelihood of recidivism especially with cognitive behavior therapy. There are also numerous programs such as the one in North Carolina which deals directly with juvenile sex offenders. The program has a good turn around rate with the local group home facility. Every state has different data, and while comparing this data opens a person’s eyes as to the crime rate in their community. When people observe this data it gives them an incentive to get out in the community and help these juvenile delinquents. Even though Arizona has the least amount of juvenile arrests, this state has the highest recidivism rate amongst Arizona, Michigan as well as North Carolina. When trying to pin point on why a juvenile acts out, biological, psychological and sociological theories all play a major role. The reasoning can be from heredity, personality, environment as well as socioeconomic considerations. There are many early intervention programs readily available for youths as well as juvenile delinquents which have already committed a crime. Parent should begin to take an initiative in their children life at an early age to stop the deviant behavior in the future. After all, these children are our future. References: Alexander, M. A. (1999). Sexual offender treatment efficacy revisited. Sexual Abuse: Journal OfResearch And Treatment, 11(2), 101-116. doi:10. 1007/BF02658841. Retrieved fromEBSCOhost Database. Bartol, C. R. , Bartol, A. M. (2011). Criminal behavior: A pscychological approach (9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 9780558591373 Beck, M. , Calhoun, K. , Hevener, G. , Katzenelson, S. (2007). Juvenile recidivism study. DOI: www. nccourts. org/Courts/CRS/Councils/spac/Documents Collica, K. Furst, G. (2012). Crime society. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from Ashford Constellation. D’Angelo, J. M. (2002). Juvenile court judges’ perceptions of what factors affect juvenileoffenders’ likelihood of rehabilitation. Juvenile Family Court Journal, 53(3), 43-55. Retrieved from ProQuest Database. Day, A. , Howells, K. , Rickwood, D. (2004). Current trends in the rehabilitation of juvenileoffenders. Woden, Woden: Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved from ProQuestDatabase. Elam, P. , Siemon, C. , Fitzpatrick, D. (2012). Michigan’s Statewide Juvenile Arrest AnalysisReport. Retrieved from Public http://michigancommitteeonjuvenilejustice. om/sitefiles/files/Documents/2012JuvenileArrestAnalysisReportVol1. pdf Foster, J. (2013). Barium springs, giving hope to children and families. Retrieved fromhttp://www. bariumsprings. org/page. cfm? id=32 Halliday, R. (2011). Arizona department of public safety. Retrieved fromhttp://www. azdps. gov/About/Reports/docs/Crime_In_Arizona_Report_2009. pdf Listwan, S. J. (2013). Introduction to juvenile justice. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint, Education,Inc. Martin, G. (2005). Juvenile justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. DOI:www. sagepub. com/books/Book226433 MDHS. (2013). Juvenile accountability block grants (jabg). Retrieved fromhttp://www. michigan. gov/dhs/0,4562,7-124-5453_34044_34052-15632–,00. html NCDJJ. (2010). 2009 annual report north carolina department of juvenile justice. Retrievedfrom website:http://www. juvjus. state. nc. us/resources/pdf_documents/annual_report_2009. pdf Pullman, L. , Seto, M. C. (2012). Assessment and treatment of adolescent sexual offenders:Implications of recent research on generalist versus specialist explanations. Child Abuse Neglect, 36(3), 203-209. doi:10. 1016/j. chiabu. 2011. 11. 003. Retrieved fromEBSCOhost Database. Puzzanchera, C. nd Adams, B. (2012). Juvenile Arrests 2009. Office of Juvenile Justice andDelinquency Prevention. Retrieved from http://www. ojjdp. gov Starky, C. (2012). Teen courts: Juvenile probation. Retrieved fromhttp://www. superiorcourt. maricopa. gov/JuvenileProbation/Probation/teenCourt. asp Wilson, J. F. (2012). Introduction to biological psychology. San Diego, CA: BridgepointEdu cation, Inc. Webster-Stratton, C. , Herman, K. C. (2010). Disseminating Incredible Years Series earlyintervention programs: Integrating and sustaining services between school and home. Psychology In The Schools, 47(1), 36-54. How to cite Juvenile Justice, Papers

Economies of Latin America-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Write a report on the development path of the two countries of Latin America. Answer: Introduction Latin America is defined as the group of nations in the two continents of America, with a predominance of Portuguese and Spanish. The group consists of many countries with varying level of economic condition. Until 1980s, the economy of Latin America was mainly based on the economic policy of import substitution. This policy had helped in the growth of the domestic economy and domestic businesses. However, this policy also reduced the international competitiveness of the domestic industry and increased the debt crisis of the nations. By 1990s, the continent switched to free market economy system. This resulted in reducing the debt crisis and established the industries of agriculture, mining and forestry (Oecd.org 2015). Among the nations, Columbia and Argentina are two biggest economies in Latin America. Both the countries have demonstrated growth prospects and economic scopes. The economy of Argentina is the third largest in the Latin America and second largest in the South America. The economy is based on a rich source of natural resources, high level of literacy, export based agricultural industry and diversified industries. On the other hand, Colombia is just behind Argentina in the rank of largest economies of Latin America. This is also export based economy, petroleum being the major export product, followed by manufacturing (reports.weforum.org 2015). The investment decision on any economy depends on many factors. Majorly the macroeconomic factors of a nation influence the investment decisions. The element of political and economic uncertainties, stock of capital and other resources, income level of the country, level of liquid asset, aggregate demand, population growth, government policies, and many such economic factors determine the level of domestic and international investments in the nation. Hence, while making an investment in a nation of Latin America, the choice of the nation depends on such macro economic factors. In this case, the choice between Columbia and Argentina depends on the economic and political conditions of the countries and their growth prospects. The social factors also play a major role in investment decisions, such as, the crime rate, education level of the citizens, standard of living etc. The nations must be compared in order to take the final decision about the investments (Hatch and Howland 2015). Comparison of the countries Economy of Argentina Argentina is one of the most developed nations in the Latin America. It is a high income economy with the second position among the South American economies and third position among the Latin American economies. In 2016, the nominal GDP of Argentina was USD 545.9 billion (World Bank 2017). The major sectors contributing in the growth of the GDP are Agriculture, fishing and forestry (6%), mining (3.6%), manufacturing (17.2%), construction (5.6%), transport, utilities and communication (7.9%), government (9.5%), and business, social and other services (33.3%). The country has faced an inflation rate of 21.9% by June 2017, which is quite higher compared to the developed countries. Almost 32.2% people lives below the poverty line. The economy of Argentina is export based. In 2015, the total export of the country was $56.76 billion and the main export partners are Brazil, China and the United States. The country imported goods worth of $57.18 billion in 2015, and the major import partners were Brazil, United States, China and Germany. The key exports are petroleum, gas, corn, vehicles, wheat and soybeans, and the imported products are machinery, motor vehicles, organic chemicals, plastics, petroleum and natural gas (Arboleda and Gonzalez 2016). Economy of Colombia Colombia is another largest economy of South as well as Latin America. In 2016, the nominal GDP of Colombia was 282.5 billion USD (World Bank 2017). The level of inflation is 4.77% in 2017, which is at a moderate level and less than that in Argentina. The major sectors are textiles, oil, food processing, chemicals, clothing, footwear, cement, coal, gold, emeralds, home appliance, electronics, and shipbuilding. The country exported goods worth of $55 billion in 2014, and imported goods of $53.8 billion. The main export goods are petroleum, coal, nickel, apparel, televisions, smartphones, computers, steel, chemicals, emeralds, bananas, apparels etc. and import products are industrial equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, electricity and transportation equipment. The key trade partners are United States, Canada, EU, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Netherlands, China, Mexico, Brazil, and Germany (Tabares, Alvarez and Urbano 2015). GDP comparison of the two countries Figure 1: GDP comparison of the two countries, 2005-2016 (Source: World Bank 2017) The graph above depicts the growth of economies of the two countries in the past decades. It can be seen that, both the economies grew significantly, especially 2010 onwards; however, the level of growth of Argentina was higher than that of Colombia. Competitive advantage Competitiveness of a nation is dependent on the capacity of the industries to upgrade and innovate, and the companies gain the advantages against the competitors due to challenge and pressure. Over time, the competition has shifted more towards creation, innovation and assimilation of the knowledge. Thus, competitive advantage is generated and sustained through a localized process. Countries gain competitive advantage in some industries, in which they can create specialization. Hence, a nation cannot be competitive in all industries. In the industries, where the nation can produce most efficiently and at lower cost than the competitors, competitiveness is gained (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). Global Competitive Index (GCI) measures the effect of the primary factors, contributing to the conditions for competitiveness of a nation, with a specific focus on the macroeconomic environment, institutional qualities, supporting infrastructure and technology (Huggins et al. 2014). According to WEF Global Competitive Index of 2016-17, Argentina holds 104th position, and Colombia holds 61st position. In the list of 2015-16, Colombia was in the same position, while Argentina was at 106th position. Thus, from 2015 to 2016, Argentina has improved its competitive advantage compared to Colombia (WEF 2017). If the exports and imports of the countries are analyzed, then the areas of competitive advantage can be understood. WEF has defined competitiveness as a set of policies, institutions, and elements determining the productivity of a nation. This in turn determines the rate of return on the investments in the economy. Investments drive the growth rate of a country, and a competitive economy draws more investments and grows faster. The 12 pillars of competitiveness are, Institutions, Infrastructure, Macroeconomic environment, Health and Primary education, Higher education and training, Goods market efficiency, Labor market efficiency, financial market development, Technological readiness, Market size, Business Sophistication, and Innovation (reports.weforum.org 2015). WEF also defined five stages of development and weighted index for measuring the growth and competitive advantage position of the countries, based on the 12 pillars. The stages are classified on the basis of the nature of growth. In stage 1, the growth is mainly factor driven and the nations compete on the basis of factor endowments. In Stage 2, growth is efficiency driven and in Stage 3, the growth is innovation driven. There are two transition stages in between these 3 stages. The classification of the countries happens on the basis of two conditions. Firstly, level of per capita GDP at the market exchange rate and secondly, the dependence on the resource sector than on the income (Gaportal.org 2017). According to those stages, Colombia is in stage 2, which is efficiency driven, and Argentina is in the transition phase from stage 2 to stage 3, where stage 3 denotes the phase that is innovation driven. Hence, it can be said that, Colombias growth is dependent on the efficiency of the factors and resources, while Argentina is slightly more developed than Colombia. Its growth is generated from transition of resources being efficient and moving towards being innovative. However, the GCI ranking and score is better for Colombia than for Argentina due to various government policies to improve competitiveness (WEF 2017). The sub-indexes of GCI are Basic Requirements, Efficiency Enhancers and Innovation and Sophistication factors. The GCI table also comprises of Rank and Score of the nations. In the 2016-17 Global Competitiveness Report by WEF, Argentina scored 3.81 out of 7. The average score of the nation was 3.87 from 2007 to 2017 (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). In 2016, Argentina went up the rank by two positions. This is driven by innovation and sophistication elements, which reflect better preparedness of the nation to adapt to the changing environment. The institutions quality improved due to better protection of the intellectual property and more efficient jurisdiction. The education quality and efficiency of the goods market reflect signs of development. The improvement in both the score and rank came after the new administration implemented broad economic and social reforms in an adverse macroeconomic context, that is, Brazils recession. Brazil is the main trading partner of Argentina, and low commodity prices, high inflation, and adjustments in utility tariffs have created difficulties for the transition to flow towards a market oriented model. However, growth is expected to come along due to competitive reforms, although consumer sentiment is weak (weforum.org 2016). In 2016-17, Colombia ranked 61 and scored 4.30 out of 7 in the Global Competitiveness Report by WEF (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). For the last 20 years, Colombia has worked on improving its competitiveness in the international market by implementing some reforms for consolidating the National System of Competitiveness, Technology, Innovation and Science. This has solidified the institutional framework for achieving private-public collaboration, required to develop the National Agenda and to strengthen the regions (Oecd.org 2015). With this institution, the system of innovation has made the competitiveness of the nation more efficient. All these systems worked separately and created impediments for the coordination between the competitiveness and science, technology and innovation (Williamson et al. 2013). Hence, the competitive strategies remained independent nationally as well as regionally. The new government has promoted the integration of all these factors into a single factor for competitiveness. Thus, not only competitiveness is achieved over the years, but other factors are improved also. At the same time, the government established many new departmental committees to promote the agendas for regional competitiveness, productivity, science, technology and innovation agendas, along with the national agendas (Harzing and Giroud 2015). Recommendations It can be recommended that, investment have better scopes of return in Colombia than in Argentina. Colombia is more developed technologically, with the establishment of National System of Competitiveness, Science, Technology and Innovation. The exports of Colombia also reflect these changes, while Argentina still depends on agricultural and mining. Hence, in relation to the 12 pillars of competitiveness, framed by WEF, Colombia has achieved the maximum success in the past few years. The government is actively involved in the process of improving the competitiveness of the nation; thereby committees are created for specific purposes (Galindo and Melndez 2013). Hence, the political, social and economic conditions of Colombia are favorable for investments. Conclusion Latin America has also suffered from the ill effects of global financial crisis. The export values dropped, creating economic crisis for the export based nations, such as, Argentina and Columbia. However, with time, Colombia has recovered from the shocks and increased its competitiveness than Argentina, another major economy of the Latin America. By observing at the economic, social and political conditions of the countries and evaluating their competitiveness based on the 12 pillars and stages of development, it can be said that, investments in Colombia would bring more positive impact than in Argentina. Although, Argentina have come up in the ranking list in the last year, and Colombia remained at same position, yet, the rank and score of Colombia is much higher than Argentina. Hence, investment in Colombia is more profitable as the nation is more competitive, especially in the field of technology and innovation, than Argentina References Arboleda, A.M. and Gonzalez, J.F., 2016. Creating a Competitive Advantage: The Exoticism of Tango and Salsa From Cali, Colombia.International Journal of Arts Management,19(1), p.42. Galindo, A.J. and Melndez, M., 2013. Small Is Not Beautiful: Firm-Level Evidence of the Link between Credit, Firm Size and Competitiveness in Colombia. Gaportal.org, 2017.Global Competitiveness Index. [online] Gaportal.org. Available at: https://www.gaportal.org/global-indicators/global-competitiveness-index [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017]. Harzing, A.W. and Giroud, A., 2014. The competitive advantage of nations: An application to academia.Journal of Informetrics,8(1), pp.29-42. Hatch, N.W. and Howland, C., 2015, January. When Does Competitive Advantage Improve Customer Welfare?. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 18091). Academy of Management. Huggins, R., Izushi, H., Prokop, D. and Thompson, P., 2014.The global competitiveness of regions(Vol. 75). Routledge. Oecd.org, 2015.Trade and Competitiveness in Argentina, Brazil and Chile: Competition policies and competitiveness - A view from the literature and the case of Argentina. [online] Oecd.org. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/brazil/tradeandcompetitivenessinargentinabrazilandchilecompetitionpoliciesandcompetitiveness-aviewfromtheliteratureandthecaseofargentina.htm [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017]. reports.weforum.org, 2015.Competitiveness Methodology. [online] Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015. Available at: https://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/methodology/ [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017]. Siegel, J.I., Pyun, L. and Cheon, B.Y., 2014. Multinational firms, labor market discrimination, and the capture of competitive advantage by exploiting the social divide. Tabares, A., Alvarez, C. and Urbano, D., 2015. Born globals from the resource-based theory: A case study in Colombia.Journal of technology management innovation,10(2), pp.155-165. Tradingeconomics.com, 2017.Argentina Competitiveness Index. [online] Tradingeconomics.com. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/argentina/competitiveness-index [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017]. Tradingeconomics.com, 2017.Colombia Competitiveness Index. [online] Tradingeconomics.com. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/colombia/competitiveness-index [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017]. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. WEF, 2017.The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017. weforum.org, 2016.How can Colombia become more competitive?. [online] World Economic Forum. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/06/how-colombia-has-become-more-competitive/ [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017]. Williamson, P.J., Ramamurti, R., Fleury, A. and Fleury, M.T.L. eds., 2013.The competitive advantage of emerging market multinationals. Cambridge University Press. World Bank, 2017. [online] Data.worldbank.org. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017].